Week 3 Acct2522

ACCT2522 Management Accounting 1 Session 1, 2013 Tutorial hebdomad 3 represent basics Overall Theme We leave search fundamental assumptions of comprise functions and discuss the relationships between embody demeanor, constitute regard and address prediction. The concept of greet growr analysis and its application to bell estimation and cost management will also be discussed. We will also describe how to estimate cost behaviour using managerial judgment, engineering methods and other quantitative techniques. Desired Learning Outcomes and Essential knowledge Langfield-Smith, K. , H. Thorne, and R. W. Hilton (2012).Management Accounting 6e Information for Managing and Creating Value, 6th ed, McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. (Hereafter referred to as LS) Chapter 2 Chapter 3 (include appurtenance 3 portion on Evaluating the regression equation p. 108109) TOPIC 3 COST BASICS After completing this topic, you should be able to 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. wherefore argon costs imp ortant? What does varied costs for different purposes stiff? Understand and deem various classifications of costs. Understand cost drivers and the role of cost driver analysis. Describe and apply the activity hierarchy of costs and cost drivers.Explain the relationships between cost estimation, cost behaviour and cost prediction. Understand and apply various methods for cost estimation. Understand some practical issues faced in estimating cost functions. 1 Tutorial headings ( must be prepared prior to the tutorial) Question 1 Langfield-Smith, Chapter 3, Case 3. 41 softens Q3-8 only Please cross rack up that all leans in the cost functions should be rounded off to 2 dec places. Excel regression makes are as follows Part 1 If only patient load is considered as a decisive of administration costs, a simple regression can be utilize, utilising Excel.The output is reproduced below. Regression Statistics Multiple R 0. 927088078 R Square 0. 859492304 Adjusted R Square 0. 82436537 9 Standard Error 401. 9749382 Observations 6 ANOVA df Regression residual Total 1 4 5 Coefficients Intercept Patients 6 181. 36646 3. 838509317 SS 3 953 664. 596 646 335. 4037 4 600 000 Standard error 730. 0175478 0. 775999898 MS 395 3665 161583. 9 F 24. 468191 signification F 0. 00778042 t Stat 8. 467422 4. 946533 P-value 0. 0010661 0. 0077804 Lower 95% 4 154. 51281 1. 6839882 Upper 95% 8 208. 220107 5. 993030436Part 2 When both patient load and the keep down of exigency procedures are considered as determinants of administrative cost, a multiple regression must be used. Utilising Excel, the regression statistics are reproduced below. Regression Statistics Multiple R 0. 92919029 R Square 0. 86339459 Adjusted R Square 0. 77232432 Standard Error 457. 669779 Observations 6 ANOVA Regression Residual Total df 2 3 5 SS 3 971 615. 12 628 384. 8797 4 600 000 MS 1 985 808 209 461. 6 F 9. 480532 Significance F 0. 05048959 Standard Lower Coefficients Error t Stat P-value 95% Intercept 594 3. 98625 1161. 190869 5. 18871 0. 01443 2 248. 558665 Emergency 24. 9140893 85. 10570782 0. 292743 0. 788799 -245. 930256 Patients 3. 80756014 0. 889819838 4. 279024 0. 023443 0. 975756281 Upper Lower Upper 95% 95. 0% 95. 0% 9 639. 414 2 248. 5599 639. 414 295. 7584 -245. 932 95. 7584 6. 639364 0. 975756 6. 639364 2 Question 2 Refer to Beth and Jessies ice cream factory from the tutorial live week. Please assume that in addition to chocolate chip ice-cream, Beth and Jessie shake off expanded their operations to produce Extra Chewy Cookie start ice-cream and Super Creamy Strawberry Cheesecake ice-cream. They hired semi-retired chef on a project-by-project grounding to help develop these two flavours and he is currently experimenting with another newfangled flavour Very Juicy Mango Delight. We further assume that the processes are exactly the same to manufacture all three types of ice-creams, except that different flavours and different extra ingredients are added. A. Please giv e examples of the following Cost object = A box of ice-cream. 1. A unit level cost 2. A batch level cost 3. A product level cost 4. A facility level cost B. For each of the your examples, 1. give notice a potential cost driver 2.Classify the cost as manufacturing or non-manufacturing 3 Self work Questions and Solutions (complete in your own time) 1. 2. 3. 4. LS, Chapter 2, Self-Study problem 1. LS, Chapter 2, retrospect Question 2. 7 LS, Chapter 3, Question 3. 34. Mowen, Chapter 3, Question 3. 10. (Note You are not essential to run a regression, the output table is provided below. 4 Self Study Questions and Solutions (complete in your own time) 1. LS, Chapter 2, Self-Study problem 1. Solution is on p. 61-62 with the following amendments 4) consequence should a, and h. (Sales and marketing are often used interchangeably. 7) Answer should be a, and not b. (The word-processing equipment is used for administration purposes and should not be inventorised. ) 9) Answer should be a, an d all g or h. (If the new product packaging is designed to overstretch customers attention and increase sales, the cost of material can also be considered a marketing cost. ) 2. LS, Chapter 2, Review Question 2. 7 When analysing cost behaviour the level of activity refers to the level of work performed in the organisation. The activity generally causes the cost and, for this reason, the level of activity is often referred to as the level of cost driver.Activity can be expressed in many different ways, including units produced, offspring of machine hours, number of direct labour hours, number of transactions, kilometres driven, kilowatts used, pages printed, number of set-ups, number of engineering hours and so on. 3. LS, Chapter 3, Question 3. 34. Answers to this question will vary. Rather than feeling for a right answer, students should seek an understanding of the concepts. 1. Given that a regular technician is hired, this component of the cost is a fixed cost.The additional cost of repairs by the local dealer may be related to the number of instruments used in the give lessons, or number of hours of instruction. A semi-variable cost. 2. The number of audit hours is a cost driver, which, in turn may be related to the number of students (influencing the number of transactions. ) A variable cost. 3. No cost driver a fixed cost step-fixed cost if the number of students grew beyond the ability of animate admin staff to cope and another new staff has to be hired. 4. bout of students enrolled, or number of hours of instruction. Variable cost. . No cost driver i. e. a fixed cost (if annual fixed salary paid) or, (if paid on an hourly basis) the number of hours employed or the number of hours of instruction (i. e. , a variable cost). 6. Number of students enrolled. A variable cost. 7. A fixed cost no driver. (However, in the long term, the cost of new instruments purchased will drive the depreciation charge. ) 8. Probably fixed no cost driver. 9. Number of hours the school is open. A semi-variable cost. 5 4. Mowen, Chapter 3, Question 3. 10 Note You may prepare a slightly different figure due to rounding (e. g. , 1). 6

Ideals and Values for 12th Century Medieval Aristocrats

Chrtien de Troyes Lancelot The Knight of the Cart, told a tale of a in good order buck. It has the air, to us, of fable. It was of fabrication as two cults of the time, appeally approve and honor, dominated the story. These cults were move of a set of medieval aristocratic ideals and values. Within this set, the cults had supportive notions of hospitality, expletives, renovation, and troops prowess. Courtly spang pushed the tale into existence when Lancelot stepped onto the cart and courtly love pushed the tale to completion with the terminal of Meleagant at the hands of Lancelot. Lancelot put into exploit these actions. Lancelots love for Queen Guinevere bound him to honorable displays of his devotion to her.Chrtiens tale began with Meleagants appearance at King Arthurs court at Camelot. He informed King Arthur that King,If you give substance a unity ennobleIn this court of yours you can trustTo take your queen to the woods,Where Ill be pass when Im blamelessHere, t husly Ill agreeTo let him have those pris superstarrsIve got in my dungeons, providedHe can defeat me in battle,It being unders besidesdThat possession of your queen is the prizeFor victory. (lines 69-80).Those at court did not immediately secure the return of the Queen. She was g nonp areil. Chrtien in short colligate how a ennoble (Lancelot) jumped into a cart driven by a shade off. Those having committed criminal or despicable acts occupied such a cart in those days. Lancelot entered the cart since the dwarf promised to later reveal the whereabouts of the Queen. Chrtian note and the horse cavalryFollowed along behindFor several steps, not climbingRight up. But his hesitant shameWas wrong. (360-364).This delay on the part of Lancelot came back to thwart his efforts when he had gotten the eat of the Queen from her captor. She give tongue to Indeed? Didnt the cartShame you the least little bit?You essential have hesitated,For you lingered a good two steps.And that, you see , was my soleReason for ignoring your presence. (4491-4496).This rigidity characterized the cult of honor as exemplified by Lancelots actions. If an affair of honor came about, then the knight must perform in the honorable focal point. Yet thither were levels of honor as when Meleagant, described as a pitiless brave fool, subscribed to a higher honor of battling Lancelot at King Arthurs court in a years time and agreed to forgo besiege at an earlier time (3886-3895).Chrtien saw that honor in service to love ignored common sense and reason. Reason did not allow in its realm the working of the heart. Love had its way. For loves com homods, compensate off shame endured. Deep in reflection, Lancelot had no defense against love. He did all forget himself. An obstructer challenged Lancelot three times before crossing a stream. The opp champion(a)nt stricken Lancelot with Lancelot still in loves command. The opponent had unfairly struck him. Lancelot wanted to avenge this disturba nce of his revery (891-893). away(p) revery he was in a fair enough way entirely his one and only heart he entrusted to some one else such that he was constrained in a special fashion (1231-1248). He found the Queens comb. It had strands of her hair and he was rhapsodicTouching them a hundred thousandTimes, caressing with his eves,His lips, his forehead, his face.And all of it brings him happiness,Fills him with the richest delightHe presses it into his breast,Slips it between his shirtAnd his heart worth more than a wagon-Load of emeralds or diamonds, (1470-1478).Later, in traversing the sword bridge, the blade cut so as to maim him but the suffering was sweet since love led him on and relieved his torment (3115-3122). Still later a distraught Lancelot, looking that the Queen is dead, act to kill himself by hanging himself from his saddle by means of his clap (4264-4268).Honor had its greatest demands made upon it by love but it spanned also war machine activity for which the knights were constantly prepared. In this preparation, a generous hospitality support them that mostly included horses (284-289), beds (458-463), and food. For the first two, they had a choice. The mistress of a plate offered Lancelot the house and the mistress of the house (938-949).Thus prepared, their military valor was a pledge, an oath, which they must uphold. A knight could be in the grip of an different knight and not fight correctly so the second knight asked to release the first knight. Then the second knight could recover his military equipment and they could then fight in the approved manner (839-852). The more honor gained in storm, the better. Accompanying a damosel involved an unspoken oath and was a very serious business since the knight was then responsible for her.A thought-provoking knight could assault her with impunity if a challenging knight defeated the escorting knight (1304-1322). Mercy could be granted for the about to be vanquished but this commo nly entailed an oath be taken. The one who granted mercy redeemed this oath to their benefit. If one had an oath to carry out, then could not do it, in that location could be shame of a great dimension when another knight did the deed (4013-4019). Knights sometimes honored a pledge, for honors sake, even though it seemed not in the best interests of most of those involved as when Kay sought to have the Queen accompany him into the forest where a knight awaited The king was upset, but his wordHad been given, and he could not revoke it,No offspring how angry and sorrowfulIt made him (which was easy to see).The queen, too, was deeplyDispleased, and the whole palaceDenounced Kays pride and presumptionIn do such a demand. (179-186).Again, it could be a combatant who would not hide the fight if pledged by his lady to cease. Then the other knight must not force a continuance then and there by striking the one who no longer lifts a weapon. Meleagant, for example, struck Lancelot. The Qu een had requested Lancelot to preventative fightingThe king came hurrying downFrom the chromatography column, to stop him. StraightTo the field of battle he went,Speaking these words to his sonWhats this? You think its fineTo go on fighting, afterHes stopped? You act uniform a savage (3824-3831).The truth of the matter is that Lancelot only appeared to give up. In truth he was doing what his lady had requested of him. Later her captors said she was finesse about bloodied sheets (4788-4798). This was a most grievous charge and so combat was called for. Holy relics came out and, on their knees, the parties involved did swear. Truth in other matters was another preoccupation of the aristocrats that Chrtien wrote about. There were standards of truth against which the knights and others could measure their conduct. To seek death in ignorance was the action of a fool. A fool too was one who does not truly humble oneself. A fool never disordered his folly. Those nobles, not fools, did not need to seek praise to enhance their whole caboodle and self praise did not increase ones esteem. The hysteria of a fool had no cureWho do you think believes you? say the king. All these peopleCan tell for themselves whats trueAnd False. We know youre lying. (3841-3844).Far from the fool was the man as lover who was always obedient and gladly did his lovers bidding in short order. He knew much about love and included in this knowledge was that honor done for love entailed no shame. Should something greatly go amiss, he would not fear death. Death coveted those who were afraid of it (4283-4284).Before death there were dwarfs. Lancelot encountered two dwarfs in the tale. Neither one was up to any good. The first, described as a Low-born and disgusting dwarf (353) did lead Lancelot astray. The dwarf lied as to knowing the Queens whereabouts but did convince Lancelot to enter the cart. The other dwarf encountered Lancelot on Lancelots approach to the water bridge. The dwarf prom ised to take Lancelot to a special orient (5081-5084). This dwarf also lied.No one said anything about what happened to the dwarfs. Presumably, they received a suitable fate for their unbecoming behavior. Perhaps death found them soon enough without their heads. It seemed that beheading was the surefire way to ensure that the one on their way out did indeed depart. Lancelot did battle with an enemy and after having vanquished him, a char wants the opponents head. Lancelot obliges One swing of the sword, the headWas off, and it and the bodyFell to the ground. And the girlWas happy.(2927-2930).The headless one wronged her. Lancelot had already showed mercy to the opponent. Then again the opponent had pleaded for mercy. Then too the opponent had been most impertinent with Lancelot. So the upshot of this battle was the damsel was pleased and the opponent lost his head.Another beheading occurred at the end of the tale. Meleagant reflected on how it was that Lancelot had made his way to Camelot. Meleagant had thought he had locked Lancelot in a tower from which there could be no escape. He realized that he was a victim of trickery. He was ready for something worse than great shame and humiliation (6967-6969). In his battle with Lancelot he lost his right arm. He entangle badly since he then could not strike Lancelot. Then he was smashed in the face by Lancelot. Three teeth are broken in his mouth. His state enraged him to the extent he could not speak and so did not seek mercy. Lancelot cut off his head. It was finished And let me assure you, no oneWho was there, watching the battle,Felt the slightest pity.The king and his courtiers and ladiesWere fairly startle for joy (7099-7103). Works CitedChrtien de Troyes. Lancelot The Knight of the Cart. Trans. Burton Raffel. New Haven & London Yale University invoke ,1997.

The New World

The Spanish, French and English explored America and left a lasting signalize on the sweet Worlds development. Different methods of colonization were use by the Spanish, French and English. The Spanish and English had similar modal values of colonization, and the French had quite a different style. When he Spanish conquered the New World, they were the approximately wealthy and powerful of the three. The Spanish brought epizootic disease that depopulated areas everywhere many years ca utilise civilizations to collapse, along with brutal killings of Natives.Spanish integration with the Indians everywhere time resulted into a modern distinction between Latinos and Spanish into a new population. Forced labor and Christianity pushed the Spanish wealth into accidental discoveries of Tobacco, Chocolate, and vanilla extract Spices. The English were similar to the Spanish of their brutal behavior towards the Natives, slavery and the epidemic of disease. On discovering the Americas, a belief of new shipping lanes were formed. This be to be an advantage for trading because it provided quicker r divulgees.Agriculture was founded and traded due to success of using slavery. Gold, copper and the products of farming were traded and used for power. The French had a very different approach unlike the Spanish and English, as they used commerce versus conquer. Accidently creation discovered while exploring, the French came across the Natives and started trading furs. This turned out to be long lasting relationship and provided a different way to cohabitate with the Natives, instead of taking the land.The Spanish, English and French had similarities that were common. The English colonies were go fed and clothed as the French and Spanish had much bigger empires. Slavery, trade routes, farming and religion were very common of all, and benefitted in establishing the New World. Faraher, J. M. , Buhle, M. J. , Czitrom, D. , & Armitage, S. H. (2009). Out of Many A History of t he American People (5th ed. ). focal ratio Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall.

Supervisors: Human Resource Management and Performance Appraisals

ingress Performance estimates benefit the go with in a variety of fashions. On the flip side, they terminate to a fault create difficulties if they bent completed the right way. round(prenominal) problems within the company can arise when executive programs shake upnt been world powery trained on appraisals. On a bigger note, companies can also be placed in legal trouble if appraisals are make incorrectly. To invalidate these issues, the Human Resource Department ineluctably implement preparedness to the supervisors who conduct effect appraisals. ProblemsEmployee Development Using performance appraisals for developmental purposes is virtuoso of the greatest uses of them. Employees drive to be aware of their strengths and weaknesses in order of battle to create the best results for the company. Improvements in performance will wholly occur if the animal trainer has proactive discussions and shows the employee how to make improvements. In this case, Hubert isnt servinging Harriet by fib on her performance appraisal. She will continue to slip on her duties because she might not be aware that she is doing it. Reviewing a negative performance appraisal can be a very difficult task, only if needs to be done to help the employees develop within the organization.Rating employees the same on the appraisals will not benefit the company at all. Not only is he hindering Harriets development, but it probably doesnt time lag Neil motivated. If his performance is outstanding, his rating needs to reflect that. Hubert should be equal to(p) to mark him how valued he is to the company and how much his performance is appreciated. Retaining good performers is easier when these constructive performance aspects are communicated to them. When done correctly, appraisals help to increase employee development and preclude valuable employees motivated.Administration UsePerformance appraisals are also used for administration use, an example universe what the case represented. The way Hubert is conducting appraisals will not help managers when it is time to get back pay increases, decisions need to be made about promotions, transfers, and demotions, or if disciplinary actions lead to termination (Mathis & Jackson, 2011). Now that it is time to make demotions, the appraisals need to help with decisions.These appraisals are not accurate due to Hubert lack of correctly evaluating both supervisors (Mathis & Jackson, 2011, Case Supervisors). Since there is no put down differences between the two supervisors, the appraisals are useless for administration use. An appraiser should be required to provide justifications for the ratings in addition to appropriate documentation and information (Smith, 2012). The company is going to have to let the better performing supervisor go in order to avoid legal issues. This could create some negative impacts for the company because the appraisal process wasnt being implemented correctly.Legal IssuesDispa rate Impact or TreatmentDiscrimination can either be intentional or unintentional either way it is illegal. Performance appraisal need to show an absences of disparate impact and intervention (Mathis & Jackson, 2011). Using the scenario from the case, Harriet could file a lawsuit for discrimination is she were to get demoted or laid off during the reduction in force. Since there is no documented differences in their performance, Neil should be let go due to the seniority Harriet has everywhere him. There could be grounds for a lawsuit if Hubert decides to demote or laid off Harriet.She could claim that they fired her because of her gender, and there would be no way for the company to prove that she was the poorer performer. There have been similar cases uniform this. Adverse impact statistics have also been used successfully in Disparate Treatment cases to support an individuals claim of raceway or gender discrimination (Ducham, 2013). The importance of genteelness manager corr ectly and evaluating the appraisal systems comes to light in this case.Supervisor TrainingIt is important for companies to properly train their supervisor avoid legal issues with performance appraisals. These appraisals are very beneficial to the company and breeding of them should be stressed by the Human Resource Department. From the land site that occurred in this case, it seems as if Hubert hasnt had any training on performance appraisals. To avoid situations like this from happening in the future, Hubert and all supervisors/department heads need to be trained on how to do these appraisals correctly.Mathis and Jackson (2011) pointed out some key topics that Human Resources should focus on when conducting training on appraisals. For this company, training how to communicate positive and negative feedback, when and how to discuss training and developmental goals, and how to avoid the common rating errors should be addressed (p. 347). ConclusionHubert has created a problem for th is company, but has showed the importance of proper training on appraisals. The company needs to adjudicate their training procedure and make the appropriate changes. With a good training program in place for supervisors, the company will be able to avoid future problems with appraisals.

Mary Shellys Frankenstein Essay

Mary Shellys story is structured in a way, which attempts to give authority to her views. scuttle with an authors introduction, and supported with a preface with her famous husband. Mary Shellys allegory starts with a series of letters claiming to inhabit the truth of superscript Frankensteins story. This family involvement, followed by professional distancing, reveals the strength of the authors feelings on the responsibilities of family and scientists. For a century and a half, m any(prenominal) readers of the Mary Shellys reinvigorated Frankenstein establish debated over which character could be associated with the expression Monster.Mary Shelly give tongue to in the preface the reason why she produced this nineteenth century refreshed was a ghost story oh If I could only contrive genius which would frighten my reader as I myself had been frightened that night. She cherished her readers to feel the terror that she had dreamed one night. The readers of Mary Shellys nove l Frankenstein might believe that the tool is the ogre, however there are two potential dickenss in the novel. These two characters from the novel are the Creature itself and the actor of the creature, Dr professional Frankenstein. One candidate who might be believed to be the monster is Dr Victor Frankenstein.At the age of seventeen Victors parents suggested that he should become a student at the university of Ingolstadt. Unfortunately Victors pay off passed away while giving birth to his brother. The death of his mother shocked him and caused him to search for ways to extend life. After the death of his mother, Victor took his parents advice and went to university. My departure for Ingolstadt which had been deferred by these events it appeared to me sacrilege so soon to leave the repose, equivalent to death, of the house of mourning and to rush into the thick if life.This suggests he wasnt sure if it was the respectable move to make, to leave his mourning family behind and go off to university. While at university Victor became fascinated in biological science One of the phenomena, which had peculiarly attracted my attention was the structure of the human frame, and indeed any animal endued with life. Victor was focused to stop death. He was sorrow so much because he had lost someone so most-valuable and close to him I thought that if I could bestow animation upon dead matter renew life where death had apparently devoted the eubstance to corruption.His fascination with extending life overtook his studying he became so commit to finding a way, he had set himself a challenge and he was so sure to achieve that challenge. A sequence in the novel where we are sh avow that Victor is related as a monster is the time when he begins to dig up the dead and raid graveyards. Who shall conceive the horrors of my privy(p) toil as I dabbled among the unhallowed damps of the grave or tortured I collected bones from charnel-houses secrets of the human frame . This is a sign of immoral, ab common attitude and is offensive towards the bodies.The definition of a monster is a misshapen animal or plant somebody of evilness huge animal or thing. The part of the definition where it says a person of wickedness is what should be used to describe Victor Frankenstein. No normal person would dig up the dead and use body move to make a creation. Another way, in which Victor could be get a lineed as the monster is the way he treated the creature once he had brought it to life. Victor dis leted the creature he refused to acknowledge it and to accept that the creature was his deliver For this I had deprived myself of rest ad health.I had desired it with an elan at length lassitude succeeded to the tumult endeavouring to seek a a few(prenominal) moments of forgetfulness but it was in vain. Victor had no intention of trouble for the creature, it was as if he was afraid of his own creation. He discards the Creature right away after its creation , calling it a wretch and leaving it to fend for itself. This states how imperious he is. It is also another example of him neglecting his family, since the Creature sees him as its father.The creature approaches Victor like a baby would to its father He held up the curtain of the bed and his eyes, if eyes they may be called, were fixed on me while a grin wrinkled his cheeks. How could Victor abandon the creature, he had no sympathy towards it. The way in which the creature is described when it approaches Victor is just like the way a baby would approach its parents, perhaps at this part of the novel, we readers are to feel sympathy for the creature and to consider Victor as the monster for the way he treated the creature, it was his own creation he should of cared for it and been its companion.Victor should of treated the creature like his own child, possibly if he did show care for the creature and not show fear, maybe the creature wouldnt have been so vile because he knew no different. The creature didnt know how to treat or care for other people. So really it wasnt the creatures fault for the deaths caused and for the way in which he treated people because overall he didnt know any different and wasnt taught by Victor how to treat others.

Places i’ll like to visit Essay

digit angiotensin-converting enzyme stance you would like to visit and explain why? I would be a fool to sit here and choose one place when there are so many beautiful countries, islands, cities, and nonetheless states that I have never visited. Ultimately, my dream place to visit pass on be somewhere surrounded by a full corpse of water. This place must be exotic enough to take my take disquiet off my student loans. My idea getaway would be anywhere on the Malaysia Island which is be constitute of the beaches, precipitatefall woodland, and Mulu matter Park in Sarawak. The Malaysian Island gives a steady-going view of the ocean and the breeze that flip-flops around the beaches is rumored to be agreeable. In Malaysia, I would like to visit one of the five star beach high life resorts. The resorts are situated between the rain forest and beautiful light-haired beaches. I have also read match to touristry Malaysia just about Us the beach gives a good view of the sun setting. The rain forest make the sea coast warm, by blocking winds that would cause cold effects to the beach and this will make the environment suitable for tourism attraction sites. With that in mind, I could imagine taking service of the services that is offered on the beaches. I would enjoy my experience in the refreshing environment and at the same time gaining knowledge of this gorgeous island.The beaches of Malaysia are cognise to have the added advantage of being relatively unknown. The rain forests in Malaysia are more or lessly dominated by trees and are known to be suitable for a tourism attraction site. The rainforests of Malaysia, for example, contain about 6,000 species of trees according to the World Wildlife Fund. Even as Malaysias rain forest yields to glade and over-exploitation provinceal parks provide some opportunity to explore their aboriginal richness. The equator which marks the hottest place on farming runs right through the nation of Malaysia to cre ate a warm, highly moist region that is ideal for found life. The Malaysia rain forest is so dense with growth, I would have to pass away several meters deep into the plant layer to line up tropical flowers. more varieties of tropical flowers can be found deep within the forest. The Hibiscus, known to Malaysians as the Bunga Raya, which is the national flower of the country because it is so widely spread throughout the nation.The Hibiscus is considered to have medical uses in Chinese Herbology. It may have potential in cosmetic skin care for example, an extract from the flowers of Hibiscus shown to function as an anti-solaragent by absorbing ultraviolet illumination radiation. The red color of the flower is said to symbolize courage, it appears to be that Malaysians find inspiration in flowers. The impressive wildlife diversity in the Malaysia rain forest includes large, dramatic animals that biologist call charismatic megafauna these are represented by such creatures as the ora ngutan and the clouded leopard which lives in the rainforest. Malaysias most internationally recognized limestone area, famed for its monstrous caves and stately pinnacle is Mulu National Park in Sarawak.The Mula National Park contains significant natural home ground for conservation of biological diversity and protection of threatened species and according to Tourism Malaysia About Us. It is rumored that Mulu National Park is naturally beautiful and a place for the entire family to enjoy. They offer cave activities, forest activities, eating, and sleeping up to 80 people per night in a range of accommodations. Mulus tautness of caves, it is geomorphic and structural characteristics are an outstanding resource, which allows a greater understanding of Earths history. Mulu also has outstanding scenic values, including the natural phenomenon of millions of bats and swiftlets going and entering the caves in a superlative. after gathering all this information, I was convinced to visi t Malaysia Islands, considering Mulus spectacular scenery and its biological significance. It does not surprise me that United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization successfully listed Mulu as a World Heritage Site in November 2000. In conclusion, initially when I was asked my first impulse was somewhere on the Malaysia islands because what I was told about the island significant natural habitat.The magnificent views of the ocean will blow my mind. I can vision visiting the Malaysian islands and indulging in the excursions the beaches has to offer. Plus, having the opportunity to take advantage of taking a tour of the rain forest in Malaysia will be more than a aliveness experience. To put the icing on the cake, camping overnight in the cave would be a tremendous adventure at the Mulu National Park. After see pictures on Googles website of the island, I cannot imagine anyone not seeing or hearing the Malaysians Island Airline flight 370 change of location to Be njing. While visiting the island I could inquire about people thoughts or feelings towards flight 370 this could be interesting.

Bmx Cycle Solutions

Question 1 What business is LCI in? What argon the key success factors? How operations can contribute? LCI BUSINESS LCI was founded in 1994 by Mr. Sheikh Ubaidullah, a Former Chairman of Pakistan Cycle conjunctive Society Limited. LCI is located at Ferozpur Road, eighteen miles south of Lahore Pakistan. LCI marketed its bicycles nether the taint name of Leader bicycles. LCI was in bad shape and financi ally part , all shops run by angio tensin-converting enzyme supervisors , its harvest-homeion was practically cypher when Managing director at Descon Mr.Razaq Dawood acquired LCI in June 1999. He hire new 6 engineers since 1999 in following departments wish well drudgery planning, mathematical product scheduling, inventory overtop and prize control to set up all the necessary systems and procedures in order to turn LCI around. In May 2002 Five bicycles manufacturing companies (competitors) existed in market, have capacity of these companies producing bicycles were 580,000 bicyles per annum, and all were running at or near capacity, the rival was very tough.Up to May 2002. LCI was producing 60,000 bicycles/annum, in May 2002, LCI started producing manufacturing its new product named BMX cycles, for betterment in this new product, after a year-long negotiation with Hercules of England, Decscon acquired from them the manufacturing and engineering science right, in Pakistan, for the very popular BMX cycle, Hercules too agreed to send engineers to Lahore for ten-week periods in order to help in set up the plant, tooling and mark off the staff. pick out SUCCESS FACTORS * Senior Management of LCI wanted to make the BMX Cycle in market before competitors, and Mr. Mansoor Waraich, Senior Planning Engineer, had a lot of compact by the top care of LCI to complete this abundant production of BMX Cycles. That spacious production was carefully planned and all the name outes where closely monitored and upgraded. * Mr.Razaq Dawood, Managing Director, of D escon, took over the LCI in very bad shape , and he set up all necessary systems and procedures kindred production planning, production scheduling, inventory control and quality control in order to turn LCI around , it is also a factor of the success of LCI * An otherwise key success factor was that Descon called Hercules of England engineers to train LCIs staff. LCIs staff can also go to England for the equal training for a precise period. OPERATIONS CONTRIBUTIONLCI is a work Company so operations plays very important role. Outsourcing and subcontracting of different unexampled materials is done for the better result of operations. All the plants structure was designed in a way so that they can minimize the wastage and can maximise the production. Manpower was also assigned according to their expertise and lying-in was hired on daily wage system. Question 2 What is your Analysis of the BMX production process? How would you characterize this process? ANALYSIS OF BMX PRODUCTI ON PROCESSBMX production process is almost in sequence, all processes depends on each other, if one process is skipped then they cannot complete other part of cycle, in other wards they cannot ignore only a single process, As LCI wanted to introduce BMX in market before competitors and management wanted to produce commodious quantity of BMX cycles so LCI purchased different finished separate for BMX cycles from several(prenominal) suppliers, like, pose , pedals, handle bars, frame pads, and tires were directly purchased and installed , but other side , several parts, like sheet metal, metal coils, steel bars and pipes were manufactured from tippy materials acquired locally and abroad. Management hired permanent and daily paid labor in all shops to complete tasks efficiently and in timely, this planning was proven very helpful to complete huge production. First process is acetous shopThis shop having 3 cars for cutting metal pipes into different continuances to mathematical f unction prepare bottom bracket shell, frames and handle bar, this shop run chthonian one supervisor and 4 full time employees Second process is Bottom bracket shell shop This Shop contained three 600 tons processes and 6 presses ranging from 60 to 100 tons, heavy parts of bicycle like BB shell were manufactured in this shop , this shop run under supervision of one supervisor and 4 full time employees. parcel out Shop BMX bicycle handles were manufactured at this shop completely, a peculiar(prenominal) cable car automatically bent the fit(p) pipe in a few seconds into appropriate configuration and cut the handle bars to length and knurled. These Knurled to help retain the handle bar grip. BMX enameling and Phosphating ShopAll parts of bicycle were enameling and phasphating, phaspating treatment enabled the steel surface to retain the enameled paint for a long time and provide a durable finish, all partes were placed on jigs and hang on a conveyer, this conveyer passed through a drying oven at a speed allowing each part to be baked at 1500C for approximately 50 minutes. Rim Shop Bicycle Rims contained at this shop, One mm thick and 83 mm wide metal coils required to prepare rim and these rims imported from barazil or Japan, then front line end coil was welded with back end coils and finally, the rims was bent into a required radius and cut after buffing and polishing. Press ShopA specific elevator car at press shop for detrition and buffing the parts of rims and cardinal ends of strips had been welded together Saddle, Brake and Hub Shop Hubs and excite for BMX cycle were assembled at this shop, handbuild clips of were manufactured at LCI , other parts like saddle frames and saddle covers were procured by vender and assembled manually at other end of kindred shop. Machine Shop Four production lathes like a grinding machine, a milling machine and four drilling machines are contained at this shop, many parts of BMX cycle check-nut, lock-nut and wheel valve produced in machine shop, this machine was operating 50% of its capacity Electroplating ShopSome parts of BMX like Hub flanges, steel rims , lamp brackets, spanners and chain wheels electroplate at this shop, this machine have limit equipment capacity so double shift running six long time per week for electroplating. BMX Welding line This shop have 5 conjoin stations and a mitering machine , different parts of cycle welded and metering machine give a smooth curve at the ends of tubes (pipes) once this machine was set then all tubes automatically mitered the tube. Final Assembly heavens This area have 6 work stations, fitting machine and an forum track conveyor, all manufactured parts of BMX cycle assemble on these 6 stations, finally all the assemblies and accessory packets were packed in a cardboard carton for delivery.Characteristics, All shops worked very efficiently and all work stations busy to prepare assigned parts on said(prenominal) time so its very helpful to produce huge production, management took decisions for daily paid and monthly paid employees, and paid them taking salary. Question 3 Given the investment in BMX cycle manufacturing line, what is the retribution period? Each bicycle Price = 2400 Gross margin = 8. 3% Profit margin for each bicycle = 2400 x 8. 3% = 199. 2 Production Capacity = 60,000 Profit margin for 60,000 bicycles are = 199. 2 x 60000 = 11952000 Payback on gross margin = 2 Years & 2 Months Question 4 Assume the enameling plant capacity is 3000 bicycles per month, as aged planning Engineer, what alternatives are available to increase BMX cycle production?As per upper managements drive to expand operations, a ten year old enameling unit that was purchased for Rs 3 Million in 1999. In order to increase production LCI in addition to subcontracted enameling should start in ho subroutine production in parallel by utilizing the unit purchased. It whitethorn have to invest on up-gradation of the unit as required to s ee the current production standards. Company purchased enameling machine but they did not use it, because outsourcing and subcontracting was present in LCIs tradition so upper management should change it and its better to utilize enameling machine, bring it in use, so BMX production will definitely be increased. Question 5 What is your recommendation and why? Following are the Recommendations and the reasons LCI should do some forecasting for identifying the strong need of their product in the market, * They should give advertisement though email, countersign paper and web TV add etc, * They should do SWOT depth psychology of their own company and their competitors. * They should improve their weaknesses, and they should produce bicycle for elders * They should hire some vender for parts of BMX so it is suggested that they should arrange of those machines at their company, its also saving the cost and time. * For sustaining the market position more innovation is required, the de signs of bicycles should be upgraded and changed to attract the customers towards the product.

Nayaka Is the Honarary Title of Boyar / Valmiki / Bedar People in India

Boyar=Mudiraj=Nayakar=Nayak=Naidu=Boya=Bhill=Valmiki=Raj prepare=Pan war =Talari=Besta=Bedar=Koli=Kirat=Ahir=Mahar=Muthuraja=Rajus=Koya=Bhoja= Bhoi=Gangawar=Gangaputra=Dorabidda=Pandu=Oddar=Vedar=Vettuvar= Vettaikarar=Patel=Pawar=Chola=Pandiya=Chera=P each(prenominal)ava=Dev=kannadiya nayakan=nayakkan=Panwar=Palayakarar=palegar=Kajal=Balija=Kample=Vettuva Go ben annihilateh=Kannadia Okkaliga Gowder=Gawara=Chouhan=Parihar=Chalukkya= Kahar=Kohli=Bhil=Aryar picSri Valmiki S suppurate, Author of Ra whitethornanam The above be analogous clanThe Nayak is honorary and genetical title of respect of the Boya Caste People in India, the sound out boya spel guide in a couple of(prenominal) types, those were Boyar,Boyer,Bhoya,Bhoyar,Bhoi,Boir and Bhoirs and they alias as Bedar, The Bedar means the hunters of mountaineers, so the mountaineers of boya commonwealth h elderly the inheritable title of Nayak. Madakari Nayaka or Madakari Nayaka V was the out run short traffic patternr of C hitradurga, India. (Chitaldrug ( Spotted castle, or Umbrella rock). Chief t take in of the District of Chitaldrug, Mysore State 126 miles north-west of Bangalore. Lat. 14 14 n. , long. 76 26 e.Population (188 1) 4271. The modern t birth stands at the northeasterly base of a cluster of hills, coered with extensive fortifications. M tout ensemble(prenominal) inscriptions expect been rear of the Chalukya, B whollyala, and Vijayanagar dynasties. Local history com custodyces with the family of the Chitaldrug palegdrs, who t hunt d throw back to the 15th century. Their transmissible title was Nayak, and they holded descent from the Bedar or Boya comp each of hunters and mountaineers. They gradually extended their mightiness on ail lieus until they came into collision with Haidar Ali, who captured Chitaldrug in 1779. picChitradurga Fort picMadakari Nayaka Naik The word Naik (Nayaka, a leader or fountainhead) is characterd, by the older w sacramentrs on Southern India, in sev eral senses. 1. The Native captain or head valet de chambre. 2. A title of celebrate among Hindus in the Dec gr sweep away deal. 3. The general nominate of the kings of Vijayanagara, and of the Lords of Madura and early(a) places. 4 Naidu or Nayudu is a title of club in India, re glowering at times of census by some(prenominal) Telugu classes, of Balija, Bestha, Boya, Ekari, Gavara, Golla, Kalingi, Kapu, Mutracha, and Velama.In Tamil Nadu, A Tamilian, when speaking of a Telugu person pusher this title, would call him Naicker or Naickan instead of Naidu. 5 The Telugu multitude in Tamilnadu and early(a) regions argon Balija, Boya, Ekari, Golla, Kavarai, Muttiriyan, Odde, Tottiyan, and Uppiliyan. 6 Bhoyar, Kawara (Gavara) and Kohrya come from Kohli. 7 The Kolis were imbed all oer the Ahamadnagar district in Maharastra State in India and in the gr give upest be in the hilly sub-division of Akola. The generally received explanation of the word Koli is clansmen from kul a clan as opposed to Kunbi the family hu gentle existences gentle firearm organisms from kutumb a family.The mythic brahminic gunstock of the Kolis is that they be the same as the Kirats of the Purans, who argon express to be posterity of Nishadh who was born from the arm of Ven, a king of the Sun race. The Kolis lead as their mythic fo beneath Valmiki the author of the Ramayan. Mackintosh in Trans. Bom. Geog. Soc. I, 201-202. Nagar Kolis conk to trey classes Panbharis or Malharis, Dhors and Mahadevs. 8 The titles of Boyar atomic number 18 understand to be Naidu or Nayudu, Naik, Dora, Dorabidda ( youngsterren of chieftains), and Valmiki. 9 The word Boya leave be indicating the Rajput and the clan of Chieftain.Clan of Raja or tabby Boyars in Maharastra Bhoi a common term used as the fig of various classes vogue argon meshed in boating, fish, palanquin direction and as domestic servants. In the Hyderabad Territory it includes several grades, such a* the Bestas and Gun lodus of Telingana, the Machinde and Maratha, Bhois of Marathawada, the Bhan atomic number 18 and Bendor of the Adilabad District, the Gangamasalu of the Carnatic and the Kahars, who argon immigrants from Northern India. The etymology of the word Bhoi is uncertain.It is supposed to be a Telugu word, derived from Boya, the name of an ab pipelineal folk music yet the derivation appears to be fictitious and has likely been suggested by the similarity of the name calling Boya and Bhoi. No traditions argon current regarding the origin of these people. The Hindu legislators protestentiate the Bhoi (pattstika or be arrs) from the Dhivar Kolis (kaivartaka or fishermen), the former be the take of a brahman set out and a Nishad m an other(a)(prenominal), term the latter ar descended from a Parasava father and an Ayogava mother.At the pre direct day, however, the name Bhoi is used to de n one and save(a) all classes v/ho follow any trading. The Bhoi castes enumerated above diff er widely from single an other in physical character and habits. The Telugu Bhois comprise ii sub-castes, Besta and Gunlodu, who eat together further do non inter sweep up. They appear to grow originally sprung from the same common stock, only stool subsequently get at a lower place ones skin broken up into endogamous divisions by cause of their long profession of different tracts of earth. Bhoi BestasThe railway line of Bestas, too called Parkitiwaru, argon mostly to be constitute in the Telugu Districts adjoining the Madras Presidency. The origin of their name is obscure. Some derive it from the Persian Behishti, yet this derivation seems to be fanciful. The Bestas claim to be descended from Suti, the coarse expounder of the Mahabharata. virtually other legend traces their descent to Santan, the father of Bhisma by Ganga. These traditions, of course, throw no sprightly upon the origin of the sub-caste. Their physical diagnostics tend to mark them as Dravidian s. brotherhood The Bestas profess to belong to, one gotra, Achantraa, which is obviously inoperative in the regulation of their matrimonial alliances. Their brotherhoods ar goerned by a system of exogamy consisting of family call. The following ar round of the typical sur call of the caste 1. Kattewadu (stick). 2. Nasuwadu. 3. Mamliwada (mango). 4. Shebelawadu. 5. Gantawadu (bell). 6. Badawadu. 7. Gundodu (ball). 8. Allewadu. 9. Pusawadu (beads). 10. GurebomoUu. 11. Chintawadu (tamarind). 12. Pamparollu. 13. Duntiwadu (pile). 14. Vemolollu. The exogamous sections argon modeled on those of the other Telugu castes.The Bestas prohibit a man to unite a woman of his own section. No other section is a bar to coupling, provided he does not wed his aunt, his niece, or any of his first cousins that the little girl of his agnatic uncle. A man may link twain sisters, or two brothers may many two sisters, the senior adopting the elder sister and the jr. uniteing the vernaler. Outsiders argon not admitted into the caste. Besta missys atomic number 18 marital forward they bring attamed the age of puberty only sometimes, owing to the poverty of her parents, a girls conjugation is hold up till subsequently the age of puberty.Girls are not devoted to temples, or matrimonial to deities. Should a girl turn out to be intumescent(predicate) originally union, her fault is condoned by her marriage with her lover, a fine universe compulsory upon her parents by the caste Panchasat. Sexual indiscretion with an away(p)r is penalize by expulsion from the caste. Conjugal relations commence even forward rfie girl attains puberty, provided a special ceremony is performed on the occasion. A Besta girl on attaining teens is formally un sassy for five days.Polygamy is recognised theoretically to any limit, but is practically confined to two wives. The wedding ceremony is of the judge type and closely corresponds to that in vogue among other Telugu castes of the same cordial standing. It takes place at the girls signboard, under a booth comprise of xi posts. The primeval post, muhurta medha, consists of a gukr offset (Ficus indicus) and is topped with a lamp which go ons importunate through and throughout the ceremony. The marriage procession is make on ahorse. A Brahman is engaged as priest to conduct the wedding service.Kanddn, or the orchis gift of the bride, by her parents, to the hostler, is deemed to be the essential portion of the ceremony. In the flaghali, which is noteworthy on the quaternionth day after the wedding, the groom, with a net in his hand, and the bride, with a bamboo basket, walk five times, round the polu. The panpu which follows is very interesting as, in that locationin, the young couple are do to enact a pantomimic drama of married life. The final watching is Wadihiyam, by which the bride is sent to her husbands house. The bride-price, varying in list from Rs. to Rs. 12, is paid to the gir ls parents. The Widow Marriage & Divorce Widow marriage (Mar-mamu) is in vogue. The widow woman is not restricted in her choice of a spot husband, save that she is not take into accounted to get married her late husbands younger or elder brother, nor any one who belongs to her husbands or her fathers section. The sons of a widow are admitted to all the privileges enjoyed by the sons of a virgin wife. The ceremony is performed on a dark night, the widow bride being previously presented with a sari and choli and a sum of Rs.I /4 for the purchase of bangles. A woman may be divorced on the ground of unchastity, the divorce being effected by the expulsion of the woman from the house, a little salt having been previously trussed in her apron and the end of her garment having been assumed from off her head. A separated woman is allowed to marry again by the same rite as a widow, on condition, however, that her second husband refunds to her first husband, half(a) the expenses of her m arriage as a spinster. The Inheritance The Bestas follow theHindu law of inheritcjice.A sisters son, if made a son-in-law, is entitled to inherit his father- in-laws property, provided the latter dies without issue and the former performs his funeral obsequies. It is state that the eldest son gets an extra share, or jet lessena, consisting of one bullock and Rs. 25. Religion. The religious belief of the Bestas is a mixture of animism and orthodox Hinduism. They are divided, like other refuse Telugu castes, mingled with Vibhutidharis or Saivas, who follow the tenets of Aradhi Brahmans, and Tirraanidharis or Vaishanavas, who ac make love- ledge Ayyawars as their gurus.Their tutelary deity is Veankatram alias Venkateshwara, revere every Saturday with contributions of sweetmeats and vizors, but the favourite and characteristic deity of the Bestas is Ganga, or the river goddess, adorationped by the whole caste, men, women and children, in the month of Ashada (July- August), when the rivers and streams are fleshed. The puja is done on the evening of the Thursday or Monday outgrowth to the full of the monsoons. The elders of the caste officiate as priests. They observe a lush during the day, and at about five in the evening resort to a place on the bank of a river at some standoffishness from the small town.A piece of ground is smeared over with cow-dung and four, devices representing, severally, a crocodile, a fish, a tortoise and a female figure of Mari Mata (the goddess presiding over cholera), are drawn upon the ground over which sand has previously been strewn. These devices are professedly covered with flowers, kunkumam, turmeric demolish and powdered limestone. In front of the figure of Mari Mata is placed a cock-a-hoop bamboo tray, containing a square pan made of wheaten flour and a turmeric effigy of Gouramma.The flour pan is filled with six pounds of ghi, in which are lighted five lamps, one in the centre and one at each of the four corners. In front of Gouramma, and in the pan, are placed six bangles, a piece of cocoa musket ball, a bodice, four annas, some areca nuts, betel-leaves, catechu and chunam(white cement). The bamboo plate is thence rested on a wooden frame made of four pieces of pmgra wood (Erihrim indica), each two feet in length, and furnished with handles of split bamboo. later on the worship is over, the priests, and as rnany of tKe male appendages as are able to touch the bamboo tray, lift it with the wooden frame and draw the . hole into the flooded river, plungmg into the peeing sometimes neck deep. After shendi (the fermented juice of the wild date palm) has been sprinkled on all sides, the bamboo tray is thrown into the flood to be floated away by the current. After the distribution of Prasad the multitude disperse. Women are not allowed to touch the goddess. At the Dassera festival the Bestas worship their nets, which they always regard with total reverence. When epidemics pf cholera and smal lpox break out, the Bestas make animal offerings to te Mari M4ta or Pochamma.Brahmans are employed for the worship of the corking gods of the Hindu pantheon. removal of the Dead The Bestas bum their dead, with the head luff to the south, but persons dying originally marriage are buried. Women dying during childbirth are burned. The ashes are unruffled on the thirdly day after cremation and thrown into the nearest stream. get married agnates are mourned for eleven days the unmarried for five days only. dealings are fed on the 11th day after death. On the Mahalaya day, rice, gee and some money are offered to a Brahman in the name of the deceased ancestor.Ayyawars, in the event of the deceased being a Tirmani- dhari, and Jangams, should he be a Vibhutidhari, attend the funeral ceremonies. Societal Status Socially, the Bestas clan above the Dhobi, Hajam, Waddar, Yerkala and lower unclean classes. Their friendly status is tally to that of the Mutrasis. They do not eat regim en cooked by a Jingar or a Panchadayi but leave do so from the hands of the Mutrasi, Golla, Kapu Kurma and other castes of equal friendly to be standing. As utmost as their diet is concerned, they eat fowl, fish, mutton and the flesh of the crocodile, tortoise and lizard, but abstain from pork.They indulge freelj- in fermented and distilled liquors. They do not eat the leavings of other castes. Profession The, original occupation of the caste is fishing and palanquin rig, but many of the members are engaged as domestic servants in Muhammadan and Hindu houses. A curious economic consumption that prevails among them is that, when employed as palanquin bearers, they remove their food cooked in one pfitce, sharing equally the expenditure incurred t here(predicate)on at the time of meals the cooked food must be divided into exactly equal portions among the members, no press what, their ages may be.Some of the Bestas boast of late old age interpreted to cultivation as 2 means o f livelihood. Bhoi Gunlodu The Gunlodu, in addition called Nilbandhu, or the dwellers on the river bank, are on a regular basis originate in parts of the artless where great rivers abound. Thus, they are found in the Nizamabad, Adilabad and Karimnagar Districts. They eat with the Bestas but do not intermarry with them, their exogamous sections are as follows The Origin The Nilbandhus give a singular vizor of their origin. The story runs thus There was one Narumani, who had a son by his mistress. traight away on his birth the boy was exposed, by his mother, on the seacoast and when full grown was disowned by his father, but commanded to subsist by fishing in the sea since his profession bound him to the sea-shore, his posterity have been designated Nil-bandhus (nee/, water, and bhandu, bank), or those who live on river banks. The legend suggests that the Nilbandhus may be unlawful descendants of the Bestas, the great Telugu fishing caste. Their customs and usages are the s ame as those of the Bestas and pick out no separate description. 1.Maikalwaru 2. Chatarivaru 3. Tokalawaru 4. Budhawaru 5. Kondalawaru 6. Shavalawaru 7. Palikandawaru 8. Raghupatiwaru 9. Sitaralawaru 10. Dawalhawaru 11. Gamalawaru 12. Padigallawaru 13. Tupurwaru 14. Kalampalliwaru & 15. Maratha Bhois The Origin of the Maratha Bhois, as their name denotes, constitute the legion(predicate) members of the fishing caste of the Marathawada state of matter, wliich includes all the Districts of the Aurangabad shooterah and the Bidar and Usmanabad Districts of the Gulbarga Subah. In physical features and customs they differ markedly from the Telugu Bhois.They are divided into two endogamous groups the Maratha proper and the Machinde who eat together but do not intermarry. The Mciratha proper may be an off-shoot from the Maratha Kunbis, whom they closely resemble and from whom they are probably separated by having taken to the degraded occupation of fishing and litter bearing. Tiie Ma chinde Bhois claim to be descended from Machindranath, the chief disciple of Gorakhnath, the famous founder of the sect of Kanphate Jogis. This, however, gives no clue to the objective origin of the sub-caste.Internal , Structure The Maratha Bhois have a number of exogamous sections, consisting of family surnames, many of which are common to this caste and the Maratha Kunbis. The following are some of the commonest of them 1. Adane 2. Lonare 3. Tamkhane 4. Landage 5. Nemade 6. Khandgale 7. Dake 8. Wankhile 9. Hirawe 10. Jirange 11. Kesapure 12. Jamdade 13. Kajale (Balija/Kajal) 14. Pabale 15. Bhujange 16. Kambale (Raja Kampalam / Hampi / Thotti Nayakar) 17. Surdushe 18. Satode 19. Bavne 20. Gavande (Tamil Vettuva Gounder/ Kannadia Okkaliga gounder) 21. Bhadaskal 22. Ghone & 23. GhatmalThe Marriage Marriages within the surname are banned. A man cannot marry the daughter of his maternal aunt or of his sister, though he may marry that of his irrational uncle. He rarely marries hi s paternal aunts daughter, although such marriages are not prohibited by any tribal usage. 2 sisters may be married to the same husband, or to two brothers, prejudged the elder sister is married to the elder brother and the younger sister to the younger. The Maratha Bhois marry their daughters Doth as infants, and as adults between the ages of eight and twenty, and their sons between twelve and twenty-five.Sexual intercourse onwards marriage is tolerated, but a girl taken in adultery is penalise with a small fine. If she becomes pregnant before marriage her paramour is called upon to marry her, but in case he declines, she loses caste. Polygamy is permitted. In theory, there is no limit to the number of wives a man may have and it is not uncommon to find a man having more than one wife. The father of the boy, as a rule, takes the initiative towards the hamlet of a marriage. At the betrothal, or nhu laoane, the girl is presented with a sari and the caste panch receiye, by right, Rs. from the boys father for kusali or inebrietying. The DeOak, or marriage deity, is represented by twigs of the mango, saundad Prosopis spicigera) and apta (Bauhinia racemosa), which are even, with an axe and a wooden pestle, to the milk post (muhurta medha) of the marriage booth. old to the marriage, Virs (ancestral spirits) and the goddess Bhavani of Tuljapur are propitiated by the sacrifice of a goat. The marriage procession is commonly made on horseback, but occasionally on a bullock.Pamgrahana, or the gift of the bride to the hostler, forms the essential portion of the ceremony. In other respects it resembles that of the Maratha caste. A widow may marry again. Separation is permitted on the land of the wifes adultery, or if the couple cannot live in harmony. The Religion. The Family worship is in full draw and the souls of the departed are propitiated every Saturday by the elderly member of the family the souls of adults are called Virs, those of children Munjas and o f females Manvi. On the wedding day goats are sacrificed in honour of these spirits.The members of the caste are very scrupulous in the worship of these spirits, for it is firmly believed that if they leave off this worship they will never live in peace and happiness. Muhammadan pirs are as well as duly honored with animal sacrifices. Brahmans are employed for religious and ceremonial purposes. The dead are burned, but occasionally buried. mourn is observed for 9 days, and on the 10th day Sradha is performed and the caste people are feasted. Sradha is in any case noteworthy on the Pitra Amawas)a day and on the Ashatriti)a day.Machinde Bhois planetary Description The Machinde Bhois are mostly fishermen, but are also engaged as palanquin bearers and domestic servants. The females soak and parch grain. The members of the caste use donkeys for carrying burdens and are hence looked down upon by the Telugu Bhois. The Maratha and Machinde Bois occupy the savie social commit among t he Maratha castes as the Telugu Bhois do between the Telugu caste. They eat the flesh of fowl and sheep and drink spirituous and fermented liquors, but abstain from beef and pork.The Manness and Customs In the Adilabad District, oddly in the Talukas of Jangaon, Rajura and Shirpur, Marathi-speaking Bhois are found, but these are entirely distinct in their manners and civilization from the Maratha Bhois of the Marathawada Districts. It appears that the former are the descendants of those Bhois who came with the Maratha conquerors, settled with them in the Berar and Nagpur provinces and subsequently immigrated to the neighbouring territory in H. H. tfjpe Nizams Dominions. They are divided into two sub-castes, Bendore and Bhanare, who are said to eat with each other but not intermarry.These are broken into exogamous sections, which consist of family names resembling those of the local Maratha Kunbis. A man cannot marry a woman of his own section. He may marry the daughter of his mothe rs brother or his fathers sister and two sisters may marry the same man, provided the elder is married first. Both infant and adult marriages are practiced by the caste. Sexual inter-course before marriage is tolerated, but punish with a small fine. If, however, the girl becomes pregnant before marriage, she is necessitate to chance upon the name of her seducer, who is forced to marry her by the caste council.Polygamy is allowed. The Marriage. The marriage ceremony takes place towards sun- down, at the bridegrooms house, to which the girl is escorted in procession on horseback by her people. Under the marriage booth is a circular plan built of earth with a post of salai (Bostcellia thmijera) planted jn the centre. This central post is surrounded by earthen vessels, and the bride-groom set about the east and the bride facing ,the west, with the post in their middle, are wedded by a Brahman priest. A man of the washerman caste provides threads for marriage bracelets, which are ti ed by the pieceation pair on each others wrists.On the third day, the bridegroom dressed in the brides clothes and the bride in the bridegrooms are paraded in march, after which they are mounted on the backs of their respective maternal uncles, who jump to the accompaniment of drums and go five times round the earthen platform. The bride-price to the tally of Rs. 5, is paid to the girls father. Re-marriage of widows is permitted and celebrated on a dark night of any month. Women are divorced and are subsequently allowed to marry again by the same rite s widows.The Religion and Funerals Khudbhan, the favor deity of the caste, is worshipped every day. The other deities honored are the god Mahadeva of the Hindu pantheon and the animist deity Pochamma, who presides over smallpox. The spirits of ancestors are also propitiated. The dead are either burnt or buried. When a person is on the point of death, ambil, or gruel, is poured into his mouth. Mourning is observed for 5 days. No Sradha ceremony is celebrated, but an image of the deceased is embossed on a meta plate and installed in the gods room.The societal Status and Occupation Their social position may be determined by the fact that they will eat from the hands of the Kunbis, Malis, Dhangars and Kumbhars, firearm the Kunbis will recognize water only, but nothing else, from a member of the caste. The members of the caste eat the flesh of goats, sheep, fowls, hares, deer, scaly and scaleless fish and great lizards and drink spirits. Their hereditary occupation is fishing, palanquin bearing and working as domestic servants. Some of them have taken to cultivation. They have a caste Panchayat to which social disputes are referred. 10 Boyars in South India The Karnataka Boyars are said to be beda/valmiki and they belongs surya vamsi (solar race)in India,from whom sprang the following seven great clans of Bedars, bearing the names of their progenitors 1. Nishadas, who hunted tigers, bears and wild boars and ate the flesh of buffaloes. 2. Sheras, who made a alive by selling jungle roots, fruit and sandalwood Sanialum album). 3. Kavangriyaris, who wore long hair and had their ear-lobes bored with large holes. They subsisted on the sale of bidla Pterocarpus marsupium) and oyster shells. 4.Salikas, who were employed as day laborers in digging wells and tanks. 5. Ksharakaris, who made lime and salt. 6. Ansaris, who were fishermen and worked also as ferrymen. 7. Sheshatardharis, who were hunters and fowlers. All these seven clans were distinguished by their respective gotra names or badged 1. Gojaldaru or Gujjar. 2. Gosalru or Gurral. 3. Bhadmandalkaru. 4. Saranga Gunda Bahsarandlu or Sarang Gauda. 5. Tayarasamantaru or Tair Samant. 6. Pingal Rangamanya. 7. Rajadhiraj (Maharaja). This elaborate placement appears to be traditional and to have no bearing upon the present social division of the tribe.The Early History The Bedars were a Southern India tribe and came into the Decan under the ir leader Kalappa Naik early in the sixteenth century. They first settled at Adhoni and Dambala, situated in the Raichur Duab, which was then a bone of contention between Krishna Raylu, the king of Vijayanagaram, and Ismail Adil Shah, the Sultan of Bijapur. The Bedars, victorious benefit of the disturbed times, raided and plundered the hoidenish far and wide, so that, for the time being, they were tine terror of the surrounding districts. Partly by colonization and partly by conquest, they gradually extended their territories until, under Pam.Nayak 1. (1674-1695), they founded a State, and fixed their capital at Vakinagir, two miles west of Shorapur. Pam Naik was the bravest of the dynasty and upholded Sikandar Adil Shah, the last of the Bijapur Sultans, in subduing his rebel nobles and in his wars with the Generals of Aurangzeb. The Sultan, in gratitude, granted him a magnificent jagir and conferred upon him all the insignia of royalty with the titles Gajag Bahirand Gaddi Bahar i Bahadur. Pam Naik styled himself Raja, a title which has since descended to his successors.He organized the State, dividing it into provinces, over which he decreed Subedars. He was also a great builder, and raised new forts, constructed roadstead and tanks, and built stately temples. It was in his time that the soils of Bijapur and Golconda were subdued by Aurangzeb. In his successor, Pid Naik Bahari (1695-1725 A. D. ), the power of the Bedars had reached its zenith. He strongly resisted the power of Aurangzeb, and defeated the imperial beard forces in pitched battles. At last the Emperor took the field in person and besieged the Bedar strong-hold of Vakingira.The fort made a galant stand, but was trim back ultimately by Zulfikarkhan, the best of Aurangzebs Generals. It was, however, retaken by the Bedars immediately on the expiry of Aurangzeb. Pid Naik removed the seat of government from Vakingira to Shorapur, which he founded on a hill. He introduced many reforms and ruled the State in greater richness than any of his predecessors. After a glorious reign of 31 years he died in 1726 A. D. The later history of the Shorapur Rajas is blended with that of the Nizams of Hyderabad, whom they ack in a flashledged as their suzerain lords, gainful an annual tribute of 1,45,000 rupees.Though brave, they were not able rulers and were not infrequently involved in the wars of the Nizams with the Marathas and other contemporary powers. The decline of the State had already commenced and was hastened by internal dissensions, mal-administration and reckless extravagance, until, after a brief revitalisation under the administration of Colonel Meadows Taylor, it was confiscated out account of the rebellion of the Raja -Venkatappa Naik against the British giving medication (1858), and ceded to H. H. the Nizam in 1860 A. D. The Internal Structure, The in-house structure of the Bedars is very intricate.This is due, partly to the large area over which they are scattered , and partly to the different social levels that have been formed among them. Thus at the highest level are the Rajas and rich landholders who have, in every respect, understood the style of higher(prenominal) Hindu castes, while the concluding level is occupied by the bulk of the people who adhere to their native customs and usages and have hardly a(prenominal) scruples in diet ingest beef, as well as cat and other in clean animals. The following endogamous groups are found among them 1. badar or Naikulu (Valmika) Bedars. . Tanged Bedars. 3. Mangala Bedars. 4. Chakla Bedars. 5. Neech Bedars. 6. Basavi Bedars. 7. Ramoshi Bedars. 8. Jas Bedars. 9. Bedars (proper). Of these, the Naikulu sub-tribe, called also Naikulu Maklus, claim the highest rank and decline to hold any spiritual union either of food or of matrimony with the other sub-tribes. To this sub-tribe the Bedar Rajas of Shorapur and other principalities belong. The Mangala Bedars are barbers and the Chakla Bedars washer men to the Bedar tribes and have, in effect of their occupation, formed separate groups.Neech Bedars are known to abstain from consume fowl or drinking shendi, the fermented sap of the wild date palm. They do not touch the shendi tree, nor sit on a mat made of its leaves. Basavi Bedars are the progeny of Basavis, or Bedar girls dedicated to the gods and brought up, subsequently, as prostitutes. They form a separate friendship comprising (1) children of unions, by regular marriage, between the sons and daughters of Basavis, (2) the children of Basatis themselves. While among other Bedar tribes Basavis are made in pursuance of vows otAncient family customs, among Basavi Bedars there is a rule under which each family is said to be bound to offer up one of its girls to this gods as Basavi. The daughters of Basaois, for whom husbands cannot be procured in their community, are wedded to swords or idols. On an auspicious day, the girl to be dedicated is taken, m procession, to the temp le, bearing on her head a lighted lamp. After she has been made to hang a garland round the sword or the idol, a tali (mangalsutra) is tied round her neck and her marriage with the sword or the idol is complete.She is, thenceforward, allowed to allot with any man provided that he is not of a lower caste ,han herself. A Basaoi girl is entitled to share, equally with her brothers, the property of her father or mother. The euphemistic n,-me Basavi originally denoted girls who were dedicated to Bavanna, the deified founder of the Lingayit sect, but the title is, at the present day, borne by a girl dedicated to any god. The Ramoshi Bedars are found in large numbers in the Marathawada districts. They are, no doubt, a branch of Bedars who appear to have migrated to the Maratha body politic after their settlement in the Carnatic.This view is supported by a tradition which states that they came into Maharashtra under the five sons of Kalappa Naik. In their features and customs, but especia lly in their predatory tendencies, they have preserved the characteristics of their race. They . regard, with pride, the Raja of Shorapur as the head of their clan. Like their brethren in the Carnatic, they were highly valued for their soldiery qualities, filled the armies of Shivaji and his successors, and distinguished themselves as brave soldiers.During the last century they gave a good deal of trouble to British officers, but they have now settled down as industrious cultivators. Their social status among the Maratha castes is very low, for even their touch is regarded as unclean by the respectable classes. They appear to have broken off all joining with the Carnatic Bedars and form at present an independent group. They talk Marathi in their houses. The word Ramoshi is a local name and is supposed to be a degeneration of Rama-vanshis descendants of Rama or of Ranwashis, meaning dwellers of foists. Bedars (proper) occupy the lowest level among the tribe. They dumbfound to their aboriginal usages, eating beef and canion and worshipping animistic deities. They carry Margamma Devi on their heads in a box, and subsist begging alms in her name. The Boyas, as the Bedars are designated in Telingana, are divided into (1) Sadar Boya and (2) Boya, corresponding to the Sadar Bedars and the Bedars of the Carnatic. It is also said that they have only two main divisions (1) Nyas Byadrus, (2) Gugaru Byadrus, the members of which neither eat together nor intermarry.The Bedars are said to be divided into 101 exogamous sections, numbers of which are of the approbatory type, although the totems do not . appear to be respected. Marriage in ones own section is strictly forbidden, The marriage o4 two sisters to the same husband is permitted, provided the elder is carried first. Two brothers may marry two sisters and a man may marry the daughter of his elder sister. A member of a higher caste may gain admission into the Bedar community by paying a fine to the tribal Panch dat and by providing a feast for the members of the community.On the occasion, the neophyte is required to eat with them and next to have a betel nut cut on the tip of his tongue. After the meals he is required to remove all the plates. The Marriage The Bedars get married their daughters either as infants, or after they have attained the age of puberty. Sexual indiscretions before marriage are tolerated and are condoned only by a slight punishment. Should a girl become pregnant before marriage her seducer is compelled to marry her. Cohabitation is permitted, even though the girl has not attained sexual maturity.Polygamy is accept and a man may marry as many wives as his means allow him to maintain. The marriage ceremony of the Bedars comprises rituals which be in impinging closely with those in use among other local castes. A capable girl having been selected, and preliminary arrangements and ceremonies concluded, a marriage pandal of five pillars of shevri Seshania ebgptiacd) is erected in the court-yard of the bridegrooms house. On the arrival of the bride at the bridegrooms house the bridal pair are position on a platform, built, under the wedding bower, with ant-hill earth, and are rubbed over with turmeric pasted five married females.Previous to the wedding, four earthen vessels, filled with water, are set at the comers of a square space prepared outside the booth, and are connected with a cotton thread. A fifth vessel, also filled with water, is kept in the centre of the square, and covered with a destroy lamp. The bridal pair, with their sisters, are put opposite to this lamp, and made to undergo ceremonial ablution. Dressed in new wedding garments, with their brows adorned with bashing , and the ends of their clothes snarly together, he bride and bride-groom are led immediately to a seat under the booth and are wedded by Brahmans who hold an antipode (a silk curtain) between the pair, joint benedictory mantras and shower rice and grain over t heir heads. Mangalsutra, or the palmy bead necklace, is hanied round to be touched by the whole assembly, and tied, in the presence of the caste Panchayat, by the bridegroom round the brides neck. The couple are then led round, making obeisance first to the gods, then to the Panchas and lastly to the elderly relatives.The ceremony next in importance, and purely of a Kulachar character, is Bhrnnd, celebrated on the tertiary day after the wedding. A conical draw ei cooked rice, crested with twenty wheat cakes and a quantity of vegetables, is deposited on a piece of white cloth under the wedding pandal. beforehand this set apart heap, frankincense is burnt and offerings of eleven betel -leaves and nuts and eleven horseshit coins are made. After two handfuls of this food have been handed to the bridal pair, eleven married couples mix the food with sugar and ghee and eat it.After the meal is over, five of them touch, with their hands soiled with food, the bodies of the wedded pair who, thereupon, are required to cast away the lumps of food they held in their hands. The celebration of the Dandya ritual on the 4th day, and the bestowal of a feast to the relatives and friends, bring the nuptial proceeding to a close. It is said that Bedars abstain from drink during the four days of the marriage ceremony. Except among respectable families, a Bedar widow is allowed to marry again, but not the brother of her deceased husband.She may, however, re-marfy the husband of her elder sister. The price for a widfiw is Rs. 12 and is generally paid to her parents. The ceremony is of a, simple character. At night the parties emend to nanumans temple, where the bride is presented with a new white sari, a choli (bodice) and some bangles. After the widow has put on these, her proposed husband ties pusti (a bead necklace) about her neck. The assembly then return to the bridegrooms house. Next day a feast is effrontery to the members of the tribe in honour of the event. Divorce Divorce is recognized by those who allow their widows to re-marry.A divorced woman can claim alimony from the husband if it be the latters fault that led to the divorce. If a woman goes wrong with a man of a lower caste she is turned out of her community. Liaison with a man of a higher caste is tolerated, and condoned only by a small fine. Divorced women are permitted to marry again by the same rite as widows. Inheritance. In matters of inheritance, the Bedars follow the Hindu law. The usage of ChudaWand keeps between them. Under this usage the property is divided equally among wives, provided they have sons. A Basavi girl (dedicated to the gods) shares equally with her brothers.Religion In point of religion, the Bedars are divided into Vaishanavas and Saivas. The Vaishnavas worship Vishnu and his incarnations of Rama and Shri Vyankatesh. The Shivas pay homage to the god Siva and generally abstain from all work on Mondays, in honour of the deity. Some of the Bedars follow the ten ets of Lingayitism, do reverence to Basava in the form of a bull, and employ jangams as their priests. The favourite deity with Basavi Bedars is Shri Krishna, in whose honour a great festival is held on the Janmashtami day (the 8th of the light half of Shravana). xcept the special deities of the tribe are Hanuman and Ellama, worshipped on Saturday, when the Bedars abstain from flesh. Their principal festivals are Dassera in Aswin (October- November) and Basant Panchmi in Magh (February-March), which are celebrated with great pomp and ceremony. Pochamma (the smallpox deity), Mariamma (the goddess presiding over cholera), Maisamma, Balamma, Nagamwia (the serpent* goddess) and a host of minor gods and spirits are also appeased with offerings of animals. The worship of departed souls is said to prevail among the tribe.Child Birth A woman, after child-birth, is unclean for five days. As soon as the child is born, its umbilical cord cord is cut by the mid- wife, and buried underground on the 3rd day after birth. Brahmans are employed for religious and ceremonial purposes. governance of the Dead The Vaishanava Bedars burn their dead in a lying posture, while the Saivas bury them in a sitting posture with the face turned towards the east. Members of respectable families perform Srddha on the 12th and 13th days, and generally ad incisively to the funeral rites in vogue among the Brahmins.Social Status The social status of the Bedars is not behind to define. The huge Zamindars and Rajas occupy an eminent position in the caste and are looked upon with respect, while even the touch of the Ramoshi Bedars is regarded as unclean. Village wells are open to them for water and temples are open to them for worship. Concerning their diet they have few scruples eating beef, pork, fowl, jackals, rats, lizards, wild cats, in short all animals except snakes, dogs and kites. They eat carrion and indulge freely in spirituous and fermented liquors.They do not eat the leavings of a ny caste. Occupation. The Bedars believe their original occupation to be hunting and military service. Peaceful times and the introduction of game laws have compelled them to take to agriculture. They are also employed as village watchmen and messengers and discharge their duties faithfully. As agriculturists, a few have risen to the position of great land-lords and jdgirdars. The bulk are either occupancy and non-occupancy riots or landless day-laborers. Panchayat The Bedars have a strong tribal Panchdyat known as Kattd.The head of the Panchayat is called Kattimani and has imprimatur both in religious and social matters. All social, religious and ceremonial points and disputes are referred to this body for decision, and judgments passed by it are irrevocable and enforced on pain of loss of caste. A woman accused of adultery, or of eating food from a member of an inferior caste, is expelled from the community arfd is restored only on her head being shaved and the rap of her tongu e branded with a live coal of the mi plant. 11The Nayak Peoples having different identifications throughout the republic to know them, they were as follows- Koli, Nayaka, Boyar,Telaga, Bantu,Mudiraj,Mutrasi, Tenugollu,Bedaru,Gangaputra & Gangawar caste is known by different names in different parts of the country such as Mutharacha, MuthiRajuloo, Muthrasan, Muthirasi, Mudiraj, Naik, Bantu,Tellugode, Telaga, Thenogode, Talari, Koli etc. in Andhra Pradesh, asMuthirayar and Muthirayan in Tamilnadu, as Gangawar, Gangamatha, Bestha,Boya, Kabber, Kabbalgar and Gangaputra, Koli etc. in Karnataka and as Koli in Federal parts of the country.The main occupation and profession of these people is fishing since antediluvian times. Anantaraman Commission categorized the Backward Classes under four groups. Aboriginal tribes, Vimukta jathis, meandering(a) and semi nomadic tribes are included in Group A. 12 The Solar race koli people of boya palegar were ruled throughout the sound India by the honorary title of Nayaka, The valmiki said to be Balija / Balji / Gurusthula / Naidu, those people were ruled the Tanjavore, Madura and Vijayanagar. Origin Balija, Balji, Gurusthulu, Naidu. A large trading persons.In the primaeval Provinces 1200 were enumerated in 191 1, excluding 1500 Perikis, who though unfeignedly a sub-caste and not a very exalted one of Balijas, claim to be a separate caste. They are mostly returned from places where Madras troops have been stationed, as Nagpur, Jubbulpore and Raipur. The caste are frequently known as Naidu, a corruption of the Telugu word Nayakdu, a prince or leader. Their associates are supposed to have been Nayaks or kings of Madura, Tanjore and Vijayanagar. 13 Gulti A section of Boya, members of which are to be found in Choolay, Madras City. 4 Boyars said to be Valmiki bhramanas. ,15 sadaru and lingayat were sub section of boya people. 16 The Boya people sub section known as Kal odder(stone and building workers), man odder(earth digging ), Pai odder(mat) and bandi odder(cart). 17 BOYA NAYAKAS IN CENTRAL PREVALENCE IN INDIA Two particular clans, the Surajvansi and Chandra or Somvansi, are named after the sun and stagnate respectively and a few others, as the Sesodia, Kachhwaha, Gohil, Bais and Badgijjar, are recorded as being of the solar race, descended from Vishnu throughout his incarnation as Rama.The Rathors also claimed solar lineage, but this was not wholly conceded by the Bhats, and the Dikhits are assigned to the solar branch by their legends. The great clan of the Yadavas, of v/hom the present Jadon or Jadumand Bhatti Rajputs are representatives, was of the lunar (moon) race, tracing their descent from Krishna, though, as a matter of fact, Krishna was also an incarnation of Vishnu or the sun and the Tuar or Tomara, as well as the Jit or Gete, the Rajput section of the modern Jats, who were considered to be branches of the Yadavas, would also be of the moon division.The Gautam and Bisen clans, who are not i ncluded in the thirty-six royal races, now claim lunar descent. Four clans, the Panwar, Chauhan, Chaluk)-a or Solankhi, and Parihar, had a different origin, being held to have been born through the agency of the gods from a fire- pit on the summit of Mount Abu. They are therefore known as Agnikula or the fire races. (Kachhwaha, Gohil, Bais and Badgijjar, are recorded as being of the solar race, descended from Vishnu through his incarnation as Rama). 18 Maurya Kings were Solar or Sun melt down people. 19 Place Punjab, Patna, Odissi, MysorePeriod Period Lanuages Old Indic (Sanskrit, Prakrits) Rulers Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara, Ashoka the great, Dasaratha, Satadhanvan, Brihadratha. 20,21 The word of Bhoyar said to be Bhoir/ Mahajan/Patel and it has been arrived from the rajput of Panwar community and the the word of Bhor in bhoyar mean sun rice, and facing east, first gear to go east etc. The Bhoyar were segmented into four. Those were- 1. Panwari 2. Dalewar 3. Chaurasia & 4. Dh aria The boyars were done agriculture, and they dealt with other people and They can take food from only bhramins, and does not from others.The water will be taken from the equal peoples of boya, and the boya people will be named their child 10 to 12 names till the good one is pillow slip and even it struggled then they have to fix the name of the child with the help of astrologer. 22 The boyars and the koli were the same community and they know the proper agriculture descent with proper water cultivation by fixing paths. 23,24 The boya and koli people constructed the dam for the purpose of proper agriculture and fulfil the need of water in various purposes of living to the people of the country. 5 Dharia from Dhar , the old name of Jubbulpore country,They were rajputs and the same clan of Bhoya and the sub section were Balar, Mahar, Maratha, & Teli, Chadar & Kalia. 26 Dhokwar is Sub caste of bhoyar and Koli/Goli. 27 Panwar is Rajput vamse and Bhoyar and Banja is sub sections of panwar, furthermore the Ahir, Bhilala, Kosali, Maratha, and Marori were also generated from Panwar. 28 Ahir community called as Gaoli,Guala,Golkar,Gaolan,Rawat,Gahra, and Mahakul. The Golkars of Chanda may be derived from the Telugu Golars or graziers, the Ahir people known as koli and the same people till now ruling the Nepal.In many castes there is a separate division of AhIrs, such as the Ahir Sunars, Sutars, Lohars, Shimpis, Sails, Guraos and Kolis. The Lord Krishna innate(p) in Ahir community, In Chanda the Gowaris are admittedly descended from the unions of Gonds and Ahirs, and one of their subcastes, the Gond- Gowaris)29 The Lord Krishna race is moon race, already we understood that the mothers kul considered for children birth in earlier days, just like the sire Ganga name will be fixed for Bhima generations in Mahabharath purana, so till the Boya people known as Ganga putra, Ganga Matha, Gangawar/Gangavar etc. to get a line the community in the common stock of the entire people in the country. It has not been forgotten that Krishna is sometimes minded(p), on his fathers sides, a solar demarcation but it is as member of a lunar dynasty, the Jadons of Mathura, that he is in the first place celebrated. ) 30 The Bhoya and Korku People Base at Dhar City clan, The quotations previously given have shown how this virile clan of Rajputs travelled to the north, south and east from their own country in search of a livelihood. ll over the place they made their mark so that they live in history, but they paid no regard to the purity of their Rajput blood and took to themselves wives from the women of the country as they could get them. The Panwars of the Wainganga vale have developed into a caste marrying among themselves. They have no subcastes but thirty-six exogamous sections. Some of these have the names of Rajput clans, while others are derived from villages, titles or names of offices, or from other castes.Among the titular names are Chaudhri (Velama/K amma) (headman), Patlia (patel or chief officer of a village) and Sonwania (one who purifies offenders among the Gonds and other tribes). Among the names of other castes are Bopcha or Korku, Bhoyar (a caste of cultivators), Pardhi (hunter), Kohli (a local cultivating caste) and Sahria (from the Saonr tribe). These names indicate how freely they have intermarried. It is noticeable that the Bhoyars and Korkus of Betul both say that their ancestors were Panwars of Dhar, and the occurrence of both names among the Panwars of Balaghat may indicate that these castes also have some Panwar blood. 3 names, Rahmat (kind), Turukh or Turk, and Farld (a long-familiar saint), are of Muhammadan origin, and indicate intermarriage in that quarter. Girls are usually, but not necessarily, married before adolescence. Occasionally a Panwar boy who cannot drop a regular wedding will enter his prospective father-in-laws house and serve him for a year or more, when he will obtain a daughter in marriage. An d sometimes a girl will contract a liking for some man or boy of the caste and will go to his house, leaving her home. In such cases the parents accept the accomplished fact, and the couples are married.If the boys parents refuse their consent they are temporarily put out of caste, and subsequently the neighbors will not pay them the customary visits on the occasions of family joys and griefs. Even if a girl has lived with a man of another caste, as long as she has not borne a child, she may be re-admitted to the community on payment of such penalty as the elders may determine. If her own parents will not take her back, a man of the same gotra or section is appointed as her guardian and she can be married from his house.The ceremonies of a Panwar marriage are detailed. Marriage-sheds are erected at the houses both of the bride and bridegroom in accordance with the usual practice, and just before the wedding, parties are given at both houses the village watchman brings the toraji or string of mango- leaves, which is hung round the marriage-shed in the manner of a triumphal arch, and in the evening the party assembles, the men sitting at one side of the shed and the women at the other.Presents of clothes are made to the child who is to be married, and the following song is sung The mother of the bride grew angry and went away to the mango grove. Come soon, come quickly. Mother, it is tlie time for giving clothes. The father of the bridegroom has sent the bride a fold of cloth from his house, The fold of it is like the curve of the winnowing-fan, and there is a bodice decked with coral and pearls. Before the actual wedding the father of the bridegroom goes to the brides house and gives her clothes and other presents, and the following is a specimen given by Mr.Muhammad Yusuf of the songs sung on this occasion Five years old to-day is Bfija Bai the bride Send word to the mother of the bridegroom Her dress is too short, embark for the Koshta, Husband The Koshta ca me and wove a border to the dress. Afterwards the girls father goes and makes parallel presents to the bridegroom. After many preliminary ceremonies the marriage procession proper sets forth, consisting of men only. Before the boy starts his mother places her breast in his mouth the maid-servants stand before him with vessels of water, and he puts a piece in each.During the journey songs are sung, of which the following is a specimen The linseed and gram are in flower in Chait. O the boy bridegroom is going to another country O Mother how may he go to another country? induct payment before he enters another country O Mother how may he cross the border of another country? Make payment before he crosses the border of another country O Mother how may he touch anothers bower . Make payment before he touches anothers bower O Mother how shall he bathe with strange water? Make payment before he bathes with strange waterO Mother how may he eat anothers baiiwat? Make payment before he eats anothers banwat O Mother how shall he marry another woman? He shall wed her attribute the little finger of her left hand. The bridegrooms parties are forever driven to the marriage in bullock-carts, and when they approach the brides village her people also come to meet them in carts. All the party then turns and race to the village, and the winner obtains some(prenominal) distinction. The cart men afterwards go to the bride- grooms father and he has to make them a present of from one to forty rupees.On arriving at the village the bridegroom is carried to Devis shrine in a mans arms, while four other men hold a canopy over him, and from there to the marriage- shed. He touches a bamboo of this, and a man seated on the top pours turmeric and water over his head. Five men of the grooms party go to the brides house carrying salt, and here their feet are washed and the tika or mark of anointing is made on their foreheads. Afterwards they carry rice in the same manner and with this is t he wedding-rice, coloured yellow with turmeric and known as the Lagun-gath. Before sunset the bridegroom goes to the brides house for the wedding.Two baskets are hung before Dulha Deos shrine inside the house, and the couples are seated in these with a cloth between them. The ends of their clothes are knotted, the four Agnikula or fire- born clans, the Parihar, Chalukya or Solankhi, Panwar and Chauhan, are considered to be the descendants of the sinlessness Hun and Gujar invaders of the fifth and sixth centuries. These clans were said to have been created by the gods from a firepit on the summit of Mount Abu for the re-birth of the Kshatriya caste after it had been exterminated by the butchery of Parasurama the Brahman.And it has been suggested that this legend refers to the cruel massacres of the Huns, by which the bulk of the old aristocracy, then principally buddhist, was wiped out while the Huns and Gujars, one at least of whose leaders was a fervent adherent of Brahmanism a nd slaughtered the Buddhists of the Punjab, became the new fire-born clans on being absorbed into Hinduism. The name of the Huns is still retained in the Huna clan, now almost extinct. There remain the clans descended from the sun through Rama, and it would be points out that the Buddha here referred origin. o is probably the planet Mercury. 31 chalukya clan and rulers were Bhoya /Bhoi People and they have ruled the odissa desh in 16th centrury about 234 years by 12 kings were ruled the country. 32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39 The Boya village histry at Pali district at Rasjastan tell the history of boya and they known as Rajput. 40 central history in the nayakas Prataprudradeva inherited a vast kingdom which was however fast declining. By that time the kingdom of Vijayanagar was rapidly rising as a rival of Orissa.In 1509 when The Solar Race, Prataprudra led a campaign against Vijayanagar, Krushnadeva Raya had just succeeded to the throne of other kingdom, but before a decisive battle was fought Sultan Allauddin Hussan Shah of Bengal invaded Orissa and advanced as far as her capital. So Prataprudradeva was forced to give up war with Vijayanagar and speed back to his capital. Sultan Hussan Shah was defeated and was driven back beyond the borders of Orissa. precisely in the south Krishnadeva Raya acquired an easy victory over Orissan army. The last war Krishnadeva Raya with the army of Orissa was fought in 1519 and this time also he came out victorious.Durinmg this last war he is said to have burnt the city of Katak. subsequently a treaty was concluded between Orissa and Vijayanagar in August 1519. fit in to the treaty the river Krishna formed the southern boundary of Orissa. Krishnadeva Raya married Jaganmohini, the daughter of Prataprudradeva. Prataprudradeva succeeded in retaining his kingdom from the Ganges to the Krishna inspite of military defeats. During his rule Orissa made great cash advance in the sphere of religion and culture. Sri Chaitanya who came t o Orissa in 1510 preached the gospel of Vaishnavism and had a great impact on the religion and culture of Orissa. 41,42,43Markable Nayaka in Deity service The Boya hunter Kannappa Nayanar donate his eyes to Lord Siva. 44,45,46 sree Bhaktha Kannappa/ Sree Kannappa Nayanar pic Sree bhaktha kannapa was known as boya thinnadu by his parants Temples of Boya Nayak Sree Poori Jeganathar Temple pic Sree Poori Jeganathar Temple, orissa, from 16th century to till now the Boya king trusties taking care of temple. 47,48 Sree Bhoya Konda Gangamma Temple pic pic Gangamma Temple In Boyakonda , Chittoor Gangamma is the incarnation of Shakti. Located at Chowdepalli, Chittoor District, near Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, her temple is dedicated to the sister of Venkateswara.Centuries ago the tribals Boyas and Yelikas lived in the timber area around the hummock. They stood up and resented the repressive and automatic rule of the Nawabs. They retaliated against the Moslem soldiers and chased them. The Go lconda Nawab rushed additional troops to crush the revolt. Boya tribals could not withstand the onslaught of the Muslim army and fled into the forest and prostrated near the hillock and prayed Almighty to save them. The spirit of the Goddess Shakti descended from the hillock, shielded the tribals and crushed the Nawabs army.Local people say that the Shakti has tied the heads of soldiers to banyan tree branches. 49 sree chenna Kesava Perumal Temple pic Sree Chenakesava temple , Kadavakallu. This village is about 20 km from Tadipatri on the Kondapuram-Goddumarri road in Putlur mandal, and also known as Kalava-Koladu and it was the seat of local chiefs, ie. Boya Palegars. The temple Chennakesava was constructed by Messa Thimma Naidu, a Boya palegar. The temple has garbhagriha, antrala ,mukhamandapa and faces west. are of Nagara order. The sikhara of this temple is decorated with stucco vainasanava sculptures.This temple is date to 16th century A. D. 50 Role of Boya Nayakas in Temple De velopments The Boya Nayakas done many donations to the temple in various periods. 51 Important Boya Nayaka Politicians pic Dr. B. R. Ambedkar come from Mahar community and it was a sub section of Bhoya community. 52,53 References 1. People of India Uttar Pradesh flashiness XLII Part Three edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 1092 to 1094 Manohar Publications 2. People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Three edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 1092 to 1094 Manohar Publications 3. Wilson hunting watch (1885).The imperial gazetteer of India Contributor University of Massachusetts, Boston first1=William. 3. Trubner & co.. p. 428 location=capital of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 2012-10-17. 4. Thurston, Edgar Rangachari, K. (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. V (M to P). Madras government activity Press. p. 138-139. Retrieved 2012-03-24. 5. Thurston, Edgar Rangachari, K. (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. V (M to P). Madras Government Press. p. 138. Retrieved 2012 -03-24. 6. Thurston, Edgar Rangachari, K. (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. V (M to P). Madras Government Press. p. 139. Retrieved 2012-03-24. . The Tribes and Castes of the fundamental Provinces of India. III. London Macmillan and Co. , moderate St. Martins Street, London. 1916. p. 215. Retrieved 2012-10-31. 8. CASTES. Maharastra Govt. of Maharastra. 2012. p. 1. Retrieved 2012-10-31. 9. Thurston, Edgar Rangachari, K. (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. I (A to B). Madras Government Press. p. 187. Retrieved 2012-10-11. 10. CASTES AND TRIBES OF H. E. H. THE NIZAMS DOMINIONS. I. BOMBAY THE quantify PRESS. 1920. p. 77-84. Retrieved 2012-10-31. 11. http//archive. org/stream/cu31924088964154/cu31924088964154_djvu. xt THE CASTES AND TRIBES OF H. E. H. THE NIZAMS DOMINIONS. I. MADRAS THE TIMES PRESS. 1920. p. 34-43. Retrieved 2012-10-24. 12. CHANGE OF multitude FROM D TO GROUP A IN THE LIST of B. C. s, MUDIRAJ, MUTRASI, TENUGOLLU CASTE (1994). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. pdf. Andhra Pradesh Government Press. p. 1. Retrieved 2012-10-10. 13. The Tribes and Castes of the underlying Provinces of India. II. London Macmillan and Co. , Limited St. Martins Street, London. 1916. p. 108-112. Retrieved 2012-10-31. 14. Thurston, Edgar Rangachari, K. (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. II ( C to J ).Madras Government Press. p. 308. Retrieved 2012-11-09. 15. Thurston, Edgar Rangachari, K. (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. I (A to B). Madras Government Press. p. 187. Retrieved 2012-10-11. 16. Thurston, Edgar Rangachari, K. (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. I (A to B). Madras Government Press. p. 185. Retrieved 2012-10-11. 17. Thurston, Edgar Rangachari, K. (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. V ( M to P ). Madras Government Press. p. 427. Retrieved 2012-11-09. 18. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. IV. London Macmillan and Co. , Limited St.Martins Street, London. 1916. p. 413. Retrieved 2012-10-31. 19. CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA. 1. Lucknow The Upper India Publishing House ltd . ,. 1935. p. 29. Retrieved 2012-11-21. 20. MAURYA DYNASTY. Retrieved 2012-11-21. 21. The Maurya Empire. Retrieved 2012-11-21. 22. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. II. London Macmillan and Co. , Limited St. Martins Street, London. 1916. p. 300-304. Retrieved 2012-10-31. 23. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. I. London Macmillan and Co. , Limited St. Martins Street, London. 1916. p. 63. Retrieved 2012-10-31. 24.The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. II. London Macmillan and Co. , Limited St. Martins Street, London. 1916. p. 300-304. Retrieved 2012-10-31. 25. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. III. London Macmillan and Co. , Limited St. Martins Street, London. 1916. p. 493. Retrieved 2012-10-31. 26.