Established For The Assessment Of Physical â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Established For The Assessment Of Physical? Answer: Introduction: Different established theories are useful for the evaluation of growth and development of children. These theories are established for the assessment of physical, cognitive and social development of children. Different milestones in the development of children can be studied by using these theories. Physical development has prominent role in the cognitive and social development of children. Peers, parents and community members can play significant role in the development of children. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children experiences four stages of mental development. This theory states that, children acquire knowledge as well understands nature of the intelligence. Three-year-old children like Jack, are considered as preoperational stage. Children start thinking in symbolical manner and acquire knowledge of using words and pictures which can be used to represent objects. These children pretend to be egocentric and try to look at the things from others perspective. Once these children feel improvement in their language, they tend to be more tangible in their thinking. In this preoperational stage, there would be emergence of language and thinking in children of Jack age. Even though, children seem pretending at this age, they are very concrete about the things around them. There would not be much development of logic and understanding of others. These children never remain constant with particular aspect. These children start learning and memorising. These childrens world is mostly self-centred. These children develop social interaction skills by playing and collaborating with children of the same age (Semmar and Al-Thani, 2015). There is development of increase in attention span, reading ability and performing routine tasks. There is possibility of development of negative aspects in these children like lying, reverting to elders and bullying. These children start frequently asking questions, can count upto 10, can draw specific pictures, can dress and undress doll and can talk about the particular incidence. Most of the time, these children pronounce correctly. These children have large vocabulary which they use to speak and sing. These children can modify their speech to communicate with the younger children. It would be difficult for these children to understand idea of constancy. This can be illustrated by example of lump of clay. Children prefer to choose flat pancake piece of clay instead of compact ball of cl ay, even though both are of exactly same size. Children prefer flat piece because it looks larger. These children can apply reversible mental thinking. This can be illustrated by the example of red pillow. In this experiment large, red pillow should be hidden in large room and miniature red pillow in the miniature replica of room. Children should be shown with the miniature red pillow. Children can locate exact location of the large red pillow. Children of this age develop magical thinking. Children start expecting gifts through telephone, while they are talking to parents over the telephone (Loureno, 2016). According to Eriksons social development theory, children of three years age like Jack, feel autonomy or shame. Well parented children of this age, are sure of themselves, feel elated and proud of themselves. Children of this age develop significant relationship with the parents and family members. These children develop will and purpose. These children start judging the things and able to decide whether thing is okay or not to them. These children get trained for toileting and clothing themselves from their parents. These children observe their peers and start using tools from them and making arts. These children get control over motor abilities and start exploring surroundings and people around them. Though parents provide them with security, children try to break security and explore their will. These children constantly learn from their parents and parents encouragement help these children to develop short-term autonomy. Parents should make sure that children are not exploring th e things which are dangerous to their health. These children develop interests in plants and animals. Development of courage and independence from the parents would be helpful in developing social connect for children of Jacks age. These children start taking initiative to achieve goals and take leadership role among their peers. Goal achieving behaviour may develop into the negative attitude in the children which include aggressiveness, ruthlessness and over assertiveness to parents. These children also develop overenthusiastic attitude which might interfere with parents plans. These children try to copy parents and other adults. These children try playing with toy phones and miniature cars (Gilleard and Higgs, 2016). Muscle control, balance and coordination in the preschool children like Jack would be helpful in learning skills like managing and taking control of their own bodies. Based on their physical strength, these children learn what their bodies can do and cant do. Coordination and balance would be helpful in the development of cognitive skills like buttoning or using sliverware. Physical and motor strength would be helpful in the development of cognitive skills like holding pencil and writing, brushing teeth and hair. Physical development can also be helpful in proper functioning of the brain. It can be exemplified by the example of kicking the ball. Physical strength of the leg is necessary for kicking the ball. At the same time, visual and auditory function of the brain should be optimum to kick the ball either hard or soft (Chaddock-Heyman et al., 2014; Carson et al., 2016). Parents should engage themselves in proper cognitive development of the children by making meaningful interactions which would be helpful in the creating connections with the environment and understanding the way in which things are happening. Parents should also teach children how, things should be done, how to behave with others and how to handle others emotions. All these activities would be helpful in improving existing skills and developing new skills. For proper social and cognitive development of children, parents should work with full potential of the children. Also, parents should be respectful and sensitive to the children. These children exhibit social involvement by reacting to others emotions. Even though, these children dont understand anything, they start crying when others cry and start laughing when others laugh. These children start linking these expressions, initially to feelings and then to words. Parents can influence cognitive development of children through fam ily-level environmental pathway and genetic pathway. Psychological aspects of the parent and stress level also have implication in the social and cognitive development of the children. Warm, accepting and helpful nature of the parents can improve social and cognitive development of children. Neglectful parents keep children away, hence it would affect development of children. Authoritarian and permissive parenting styles are associated with the less development of the children (Fraser et al., 2013; Byford et al., 2012). There may be less social interaction in case of Jack. It is evident from his inability to speak. Children of his age, usually learn to speak by talking to other peers and parents. Even though other children are talking, Jack is not speaking fluently because he is not socially involved with other children. Less social interaction of Jack is also evident from his inability of toileting. Parents make aware children about toileting. This can be achieved by social interaction of the children with their parents. Behavioural genetic research should be carried out in children to completely understand cognitive and social development. To achieve, social and cognitive development in the children, parents behaviour should be of parents characteristics and not child characteristic. In conclusion, development of children of Jack age, should be studied with respect to established theories which corresponds to their age. Physical development of this age group children should be correlated with the cognitive development. Parents and peers can play significant role in the social and cognitive development of the children. References: Byford, M., Kuh, D., and Richards, M. (2012). Parenting practices and intergenerational associations in cognitive ability. International Journal of Epidemiology, 41(1), 263-72. Hunter, S., Kuzik, N., Wiebe, S.A., Spence, J.C. (2016). Systematic review of physical activity and cognitive development in early childhood. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19(7), 573-8. Chaddock-Heyman, L., Hillman, C.H., Cohen, N.J., and Kramer, A.F. (2014). The importance of physical activity and aerobic fitness for cognitive control and memory in children. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 79(4), 25-50. Fraser, A., Macdonald-Wallis, C., Tilling, K., Boyd, A., Golding, J., et al. (2013). Cohort Profile: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: ALSPAC mothers cohort. International Journal of Epidemiology, 42(1), 97-110. Gilleard, C., and Higgs, P. (2016). Connecting Life Span Development with the Sociology of the Life Course: A New Direction. Sociology, 50(2), 301315. Loureno, O. M. (2016). Developmental stages, Piagetian stages in particular: A critical review. New Ideas in Psychology, 40, 123-137. Semmar, Y., and Al-Thani, T. (2015). Piagetian and Vygotskian Approaches to Cognitive Development in the Kindergarten Classroom. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 5(2), 1 6.